Kev lag luam plastics thoob ntiaj teb tau sawv ntawm qhov pib ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv loj tshaj plaws txij li kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws polymers. Rau Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) manufacturers, cov lus yog unmistakable: lub linear "coj- ua- pov tseg" qauv yog raug cai tawm ntawm lub neej, thiab ncig tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv ambition tab sis ib tug txoj cai tswj.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 2025, European Union tau tshaj tawm txoj cai ntim thiab ntim khib nyiab (PPWR), tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus -cov neeg siv khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab (PCR) cov ntsiab lus uas yuav hloov pauv tag nrho cov nqi ntim khoom. Los ntawm 2030, tag nrho cov ntim yas yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 35% PCR cov ntsiab lus, nrog lub hom phiaj nce mus txog 65% los ntawm 2040. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, txij li lub Yim Hli 2025, tsib lub xeev tau dhau txoj cai tswj hwm cov ntsiab lus PCR hauv cov ntim yas. Lub caij no, cov tuam txhab ESG cov lus cog tseg thiab cov neeg siv khoom xav tau nrawm nrawm: cov khoom lag luam tam sim no nquag nrhiav PCR-raws li EPS cov khoom lag luam, nrog TCL Huaxing ua qhov kev lag luam thawj zaug kom ua tiav 100% PCR EPS kev txhim kho thiab ntau lawm hauv 2025.
Rau EPS cov tuam txhab lag luam ntsib cov kev sib koom ua ke no, cov lus nug tam sim tsis yog seb puas yuav koom nrog siab -feem pua PCR cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, tab sis yuav ua li cas. Kev yuav cov kab tsim khoom tshiab tag nrho yog peev - hnyav thiab sijhawm - txwv tsis pub. Lub pragmatic ntau dua -thiab ua pov thawj ntau ntxiv- txoj hauv kev yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws retrofitting: hloov kho cov cuab yeej uas twb muaj lawm kom ua tau zoo tshaj - feem pua PCR cov ntsiab lus thaum tswj cov khoom zoo, cov khoom siv sijhawm ntev, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo.
Vim li cas Siab -Percentage PCR tam sim no tsis tuaj yeem zam tau
Lub Regulatory Tsunami
Kev tswj hwm thaj chaw tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem yeem mus rau kev tswj hwm txoj cai. EU's PPWR, uas siv tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig txij lub Yim Hli 12, 2026, yog txoj cai tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau EPS ntim cov neeg tsim khoom hauv kaum xyoo. Rau "lwm cov ntim yas" suav nrog EPS tiv thaiv ntim, txoj cai tswj hwm 35% PCR cov ntsiab lus los ntawm 2030 thiab 65% los ntawm 2040.
Ib tug phooj ywg- tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm University of Bayreuth's Polymer Engineering Department, simulating kaum sib law liag kev siv tshuab rov ua dua tshiab nrog tas li 35 wt% cov ntsiab lus rov ua dua tshiab, tau pom tias EPS tuaj yeem rov siv dua txhua yam nrog tsuas yog kev txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv tshuab. Qhov kev lees paub kev tshawb fawb no, nrog rau qhov tseeb tias EPS twb ua tiav kwv yees li 40% cov nqi rov ua dua niaj hnub no, ua haujlwm rau kev lag luam kom tau raws li PPWR quotas.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sib tw yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov pauv: kev lag luam yuav tsum hloov pauv los ntawm kev rov ua dua EPS ntim cov khoom pov tseg rau hauv lub neej ntev - cov khoom tsim kho kom rov ua dua tshiab rau hauv cov khoom ntim nrog lub neej ntawm kwv yees li ib xyoos. Qhov no xav tau kev tswj kom zoo dua qub thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub.
Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam thiab Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam
Tshaj li kev tswj hwm, kev ua lag luam rog tau nrawm nrawm. TCL Huaxing qhov kev ua tiav hauv 100% PCR EPS cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias siab -feem pua PCR tsis yog tsuas yog siv tau tab sis ua lag luam. Tom qab kev sim ntau yam optimizing cov khoom siv, kev hloov kho, thiab kev soj ntsuam kev ua tau zoo, lub tuam txhab ua tiav 100% PCR EPS uas ua tau raws li lossis tshaj li cov qauv EPS nkauj xwb nyob rau ntau qhov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb -xim uniformity, compressive zog, seem stability, noo noo cov ntsiab lus, fusion zoo, thiab anti- zoo li qub kev ua tau zoo. Raws li SGS pov thawj, 100% PCR EPS ua tiav cov pa roj carbon emission txo ntau tshaj 70%.
Ib yam li ntawd, Epsilyte tau tsim cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab -cov ntsiab lus EPS uas muaj ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 50% PCR cov ntsiab lus thaum tuav lub zog, ua haujlwm ntev, thiab moldability ntawm nkauj xwb EPS, pab cov ntawv thov hla kev tiv thaiv ntim, txias - chains thauj, thiab cov khoom tshwj xeeb molded.
Kev muaj tiag: PCR coj cov teeb meem
Kev ua haujlwm siab -feem pua ntawm cov khoom siv PCR yog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua EPS nkauj xwb. PCR EPS pib los ntawm cov kwj deg uas siv dua tshiab, nrog cov khoom sib txawv thiab sib txawv. Raws li cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, kev ua thiab cov khoom siv tshuab feem ntau deteriorate. Cov kev sib tw uas muaj xws li:
- Kev tsis sib haum xeeb zoo: Kev siv tshuab PCR tuaj yeem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov tsis zoo, kev ua haujlwm qis dua piv rau cov khoom siv nkauj xwb, thiab kev hloov pauv.
- Cov teeb meem paug paug: PCR muaj ntau theem ntawm impurities uas tuaj yeem thaiv cov lim dej, ua kom cov khoom tsis zoo, thiab ua rau lub sijhawm poob qis.
- Hloov tus cwj pwm rheological: Lub yaj ntws tus nqi thiab qhov nthuav dav ntawm PCR EPS hloov pauv ntau, yuav tsum tau hloov kho cov txheej txheem.
- Cov cuab yeej siv nrawm nrawm: Cov khoom tsis huv thiab cov khoom siv hloov pauv tau nce kev hnav ntawm cov ntsia hlau, cov thoob, thiab pwm.
Cov kev cov nyom no tsis tuaj yeem hla tsis tau-tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau hloov kho cov cuab yeej siv uas muaj ntau cov kab ntau lawm uas twb muaj lawm.
Yim qhov tseem ceeb Retrofitting Areas rau siab -Percentage PCR processing
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kev lag luam thiab cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv engineering, retrofitting EPS ntau lawm kab rau siab -feem pua PCR siv yuav tsum hais txog yim qhov tseem ceeb.
Lim Systems: Thawj Kab Kev Tiv Thaiv
PCR cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj cov pa phem -cov ntawv lo, cov nplaum, cov khoom siv txawv teb chaws, thiab cov khoom degradation. Yog tias tsis muaj kev pom zoo txaus, cov impurities no ua rau cov khoom tsis xws luag, clog nozzles, thiab yuav tsum tau nres ntau lawm.
Qhov cuam tshuam zoo tshaj plaws uas tau sau tseg rau hnub tim yog los ntawm tus thawj coj EPS plastics processor thiab KraussMaffei extrusion tus neeg siv khoom. Lub tuam txhab tau ntsib kev poob qis vim tias lawv qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua yuav tsum tau hloov pauv txhua txhua tsib hnub, ua rau kwv yees li ib teev ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab kwv yees li 7,500 kg ntawm EPS cov khoom siv txhua lub sijhawm.
Cov kev daws teeb meem yog lub hom phiaj retrofit nyob ib ncig ntawm ib qho screen hloov pauv txuas ntxiv nrog kev siv thev naus laus zis. Qhov kev hloov kho no tso cai rau kev hloov pauv yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau lawm, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tag nrho cov kab. Ntxiv mus, vim tias cov ntxaij vab tshaus tuaj yeem raug ntxuav hauv kev ua haujlwm siv cov backflush muaj nuj nqi, cov neeg siv khoom tam sim no tuaj yeem ua tiav ntau dua ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau tiav:
- Tsis muaj lub sij hawm poob uas tau npaj tseg ntxiv lawm vim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub vijtsam
- Kev txuag txhua lub lim tiam ntawm kwv yees li 7,500 kg ntawm EPS cov ntaub ntawv, tag nrho ntawm 375 tons ib xyoos twg
- Kev txo nqi ua haujlwm tseem ceeb
- Kev xa rov qab sai sai ntawm kev nqis peev vim muaj ntau dua qhov system muaj thiab siv rov ua dua tshiab
Raws li tus thawj tswj hwm qhov project tau sau tseg, "Qhov kev hloov pauv mus rau qhov hloov pauv txuas ntxiv yog qhov kev ua si tiag tiag - hloov pauv rau peb cov neeg siv khoom. Lawv txuag tsis yog cov khoom siv xwb tab sis kuj tseem siv sijhawm thiab cov nqi kho mob -txhua yam thaum tswj xyuas cov khoom lag luam zoo. "
Rau EPS cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm siab -feem pua PCR, kev kho dua tshiab los ntawm kev tsis tu ncua mus rau kev pom tsis tu ncua yuav tsum yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rov qab ua dua.
Extrusion Systems: Twin-Screw Technology rau Recyclate Integration
Cov pa EPS ntau lawm feem ntau tso siab rau kev tshem tawm polymerization lossis ib zaug - ntsia hlau extrusion. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev koom nrog cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, ntxaib- ntsia hlau extrusion tshuab muaj qhov zoo sib xws.
NexKemia Petrochemicals tau pom lub zog ntawm ntxaib - ntsia hlau thev naus laus zis, siv Coperion ZSK ntxaib ntsia hlau extruders txij li xyoo 2020 los tsim EPS uas muaj txog li 30% rov ua dua tshiab -nrog muaj peev xwm rau cov feem pua siab dua nyob ntawm cov kev xav tau zoo. Cov purified thiab compacted regrind tuaj yeem raug pub ncaj qha rau hauv extruder, thiab cov khoom EPS zaum kawg nthuav tawm cov khoom sib npaug ntawm lub cev rau cov khoom nkauj xwb, nrog rau cov pa tawm qis qis thiab txo qis hauv cov dej khib nyiab.
Rau cov tuam txhab nrhiav kom rov kho cov kab uas twb muaj lawm extrusion, ntxaib - ntsia hlau tshuab ua rau ib qho - kauj ruam, kev tsim khoom txuas ntxiv uas yooj yim rau kev sib xyaw ua ke. Lub peev xwm los pub cov khoom siv rov ua dua ncaj qha rau hauv extruder yam tsis muaj cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm sib cais txo cov peev txheej thiab kev ua haujlwm nyuaj.
Ua ntej -Expansion System Modifications
PCR EPS hlaws sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv nkauj xwb hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv nthuav dav. Lub melt flow rate txawv, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg sawv cev tshuab tuaj yeem tsis sib xws. Retrofitting ua ntej -expansion systems feem ntau suav nrog:
- Txhim kho gravimetric dosing systems: Poob-hauv- hnyav feeders thiab gravimetric dosing systems kom paub meej tias cov hlaws yuav tsum muaj pes tsawg nkag mus rau txhua qhov txheej txheem, tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg ntau dhau hauv cov tshuab ntim.
- Kev hloov kho qhov kub thiab txias: cov ntaub ntawv PCR feem ntau yuav tsum tau nruj dua qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sij hawm ua ntej - nthuav dav kom ua tiav cov hlaws ntom ntom.
- Ntxiv kev saib xyuas dej noo: Cov ntsiab lus noo noo nyob rau hauv PCR hlaws cuam tshuam rau kev nthuav dav; retrofitted systems yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv - kab ya raws sensors.
Steam Management thiab Energy Systems
Siab -feem pua cov ntaub ntawv PCR feem ntau xav tau kev hloov pauv chav ua haujlwm- lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev dua thiab kho cov qauv kev txhaj tshuaj kom haum rau cov khoom siv. Chav tswj retrofits tuaj yeem suav nrog:
- Intelligent steam recycling: Kaw-loop systems capture thiab repurpose condensate and residual steam, txo cov dej tshiab txog li 40% thiab txiav thermal zog xav tau ntau heev.
- Precision steam txhaj: Tsis zoo li cov txheej txheem qub uas dej nyab pwm nrog chav, cov tshuab siab heev siv lub hom phiaj, kev txhaj tshuaj. Khoos phis tawj- tswj li qub xa cov chav tsuas yog qhov twg thiab thaum xav tau, ua kom zoo dua ntxiv thaum txo kev noj ntawm 25-35%.
- Lwm txoj kev sib xyaw ua ke cua sov: Rau cov tuam txhab ua cov feem pua PCR siab heev, hybrid systems siv infrared los yog conduction cua sov muab lub sij hawm sai dua thiab tshem tawm boiler - ntsig txog lub zog poob tag nrho.
Cov retrofits no tsis tsuas yog ua kom PCR ua tab sis kuj tseem xa cov kev txuag hluav taws xob ntau heev -cov tshuab niaj hnub ua kom ruaj khov ua tiav 40% txo qis hauv chav noj, 60% txo kev siv dej, thiab 35% txo cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob piv rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub.
Pwm Tsim thiab Kho Nto
PCR cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv thiab cov cwj pwm ntws zoo dua li nkauj xwb EPS. Pwm retrofits rau siab -feem pua PCR yuav suav nrog:
- Kev hloov kho txheej txheej saum npoo: Cov txheej txheej tawv tawv txo qis hnav los ntawm cov khoom paug hauv PCR.
- Kev ua kom pom qhov cua zoo: cov ntaub ntawv PCR yuav xav tau cov qauv hloov pauv kom tso pa tawm kom zoo thaum lub sij hawm molding.
- Draft lub kaum sab xis hloov kho: me ntsis ntxiv cov kaum sab xis kom them nyiaj rau cov yam ntxwv sib txawv.
- Kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias: Ntau- cheeb tsam pwm cua sov ua kom muaj qhov kub thiab txias profile kom haum rau cov khoom tus yam ntxwv.
Txheej txheem tswj thiab Automation Systems
Kev ua tiav ntawm PCR cov ntaub ntawv xav tau kev tswj xyuas nruj dua. Retrofitting tswj systems nrog niaj hnub PLC thiab IoT muaj peev xwm ua tau:
- Hauv - kev hloov pauv txheej txheem: Tiag - lub sij hawm sensors saib fusion thiab tuaj yeem kho qhov tsis sib xws hauv nruab nrab - lub voj voog yog kuaj pom qhov tsis sib xws, tiv thaiv cov khoom tsis zoo.
- Kev tswj daim ntawv qhia: Digital cia ntawm optimized processing parameters for different PCR content levels enables sai changeovers.
- Kev saib xyuas kwv yees: Sensors uas saib xyuas lub siab lim, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab cov khoom siv tuaj yeem kwv yees thaum xav tau kev saib xyuas ua ntej yuav ua tsis tiav.
Txias thiab Demolding Systems
Cov ntaub ntawv PCR tuaj yeem xav tau hloov cov ntaub ntawv txias txias. Retrofitting cua txias tshuab nrog:
- Intelligent cooling circuits: Ntau thaj chaw ywj pheej nrog cov sensors ntws thiab hloov pauv tau - cov twj nrawm nrawm ua kom cov dej ntim tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov ntsuas kub zoo.
- Advanced dry-ejection systems: Precisely timed air bursts and mechanical actuators tshem tawm cov dej haus hauv theem ejection.
Cov retrofits no txo cov dej haus thaum txhim kho ib feem zoo sib xws rau PCR-cov khoom ua tiav.
Kev tuav thiab khaws cia khoom
Siab -feem pua kev ua PCR xav tau kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv zoo:
- Kev cia siab rau silos: Segregated cia rau PCR cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev sib kis -.
- Txhim kho tshuab ziab khaub ncaws: PCR cov ntaub ntawv yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov dej noo uas yuav tsum tau ua kom qhuav cov ntaub ntawv.
- Automated blending systems: Hauv -kab sib xyaw ntawm PCR nrog cov ntaub ntawv nkauj xwb ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm cov ntsiab lus feem pua.
Economic Case rau Retrofitting
Kev nqis peev thiab ROI
Kev siv peev nyiaj rau kev rov tsim cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm yog qhov qis dua qhov kev yuav khoom tshiab. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, kev rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev rau retrofits tuaj yeem ua tiav sai vim tias muaj ntau dua qhov system, txo cov khoom pov tseg, thiab siv rov ua dua tshiab.
Qhov tseem ceeb economic tsav tsheb:
- Kev txuag cov ntaub ntawv: Raws li pom, tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg ntawm 7,500 kg txhua tsib hnub tau txais txiaj ntsig txhua xyoo ntawm kwv yees li 375 tons- ib qho kev cuam tshuam hauv qab - kab.
- Txo lub sij hawm poob: Tshem tawm cov kev tsis tau npaj tseg yuav ua rau muaj peev xwm tsim tau zoo yam tsis muaj kev siv peev ntxiv.
- Kev tswj hwm kev ua raws cai: zam kev nplua thiab tswj kev nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam raws li cov cai ntawm PCR yuav siv tau.
- Txhim kho tus nqi ntawm cov neeg siv khoom: Ntau tus neeg siv khoom lag luam tam sim no nyiam lossis xav tau cov ntsiab lus PCR, ua kom tus nqi hwm lossis tus neeg xa khoom nyiam.
- Tus nqi qis dua: Txo cov chav thiab dej siv los ntawm cov kev txawj ntse retrofits txiav cov nqi hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua.
Cov txiaj ntsig ua haujlwm tshaj li tus nqi
Tshaj li cov nyiaj tau los ncaj qha, retrofitting muab kev ua haujlwm zoo:
- Cov txheej txheem kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua: Txhim kho cov txheej txheem tswj kom txo cov nqi seem thiab txhim kho thawj zaug - kis tau los.
- Kev hloov pauv ntau lawm: Muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntawm qib PCR cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ua rau cov tuam txhab ua haujlwm rau cov neeg siv khoom sib txawv.
- Kev sib tw sib tw: Cov neeg siv khoom thaum ntxov ntawm siab - feem pua PCR muaj peev xwm tau txais thawj zaug -mover kom zoo dua hauv kev lag luam nce kev xav tau kev daws teeb meem.
- Kev saib xyuas yooj yim: Cov tshuab lim tsis tu ncua txo qhov zaus thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev saib xyuas cuam tshuam.
Daim Ntawv Qhia Kev Ua Haujlwm rau EPS Manufacturers
Rau cov neeg tsim khoom npaj los pib ntawm txoj kev taug kev rov qab, cov nram qab no phased mus kom ze yog pom zoo:
Kev ntsuam xyuas (1-2 lub hlis)
- Tshawb xyuas cov peev txheej thiab cov kev txwv uas twb muaj lawm
- Txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv PCR uas muaj thiab qhov sib txawv
- Txhais lub hom phiaj PCR feem pua raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau thiab cov sijhawm kawg ntawm kev tswj hwm
- Txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm
Qhov tseem ceeb Retrofits (2-4 lub hlis)
- Thawj qhov tseem ceeb: Kev lim dej hloov pauv mus rau qhov hloov pauv txuas ntxiv nrog lub peev xwm rov qab
- Qhov tseem ceeb thib ob: Kev tswj hwm qhov kev hloov kho tshiab rau lub sijhawm tiag tiag - kev saib xyuas thiab kev hloov kho
- Qhov tseem ceeb thib peb: Kev txhim kho kev tswj hwm chav
Txheej txheem Optimization (1-2 lub hlis)
- Tsim kom muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov hom phiaj PCR feem pua
- Qhia cov neeg tsav tsheb ntawm cov cuab yeej tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem
- Txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo raws li cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb
Scale-Txoj kev txhim kho thiab txuas ntxiv (ntu)
- Maj mam nce PCR feem pua raws li cov txheej txheem stabilizes
- Ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev saib xyuas ua ntej
- Ua raws li cov nyiaj rov qab ntxiv raws li ROI pom zoo
Xaus: Txoj Kev Forward
Kev lag luam ncig tsis tuaj txog -nws twb nyob ntawm no. Rau EPS cov tuam txhab, kev muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo ua haujlwm siab - feem pua PCR cov khoom siv rov ua dua tau hloov pauv los ntawm kev sib tw kom zoo dua rau kev muaj sia nyob. Cov cai tswjfwm hauv EU thiab cov kev cai PCR uas tshwm sim hauv North America tsis muaj kev poob siab: los ntawm 2030, EPS cov khoom uas tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus siv rov ua dua tshiab yuav ntsib teeb meem kev lag luam tseem ceeb.
Qhov xwm zoo yog tias thev naus laus zis kom ua tau raws li cov kev cai no muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no, thiab nws tuaj yeem siv los ntawm kev tsim kho cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm es tsis ua kom tiav cov kab hloov. Raws li tau pom los ntawm qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam tas li hloov pauv rov qab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, cov cuab yeej tsom tau hloov kho kom xa ROI sai sai thaum ua kom muaj kev siv PCR ntau dua. Raws li tau pom los ntawm TCL Huaxing qhov kev ua tiav 100% PCR, txawm tias lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua tiav nrog cov txheej txheem kev ua kom zoo dua qub thiab hloov khoom siv.
Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog tam sim no. Txhua xyoo ntawm kev ncua nce kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo, kev sib tw tsis zoo, thiab kev siv peev ntawm kev ua raws li qhov tshwm sim. Cov chav kawm yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ncig yog nyob rau hauv kev sib tham- thiab EPS cov tuam txhab ua tiav nws ua tiav yuav muaj zog dua, muaj kev sib tw ntau dua, thiab npaj rau kev lag luam yav tom ntej.